Nasrin Omidi; Hadi Qavami; Mahmood Hoshmand; Mostafa Salimifar
Abstract
The present paper has two main purposes. The first purpose is to investigate the possibility of using the FLQ method (to calculate the interindustry transactions matrix) at the same time with the use of regional statistical accounts of the country (to calculate the rest of sectors of the regional input-output ...
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The present paper has two main purposes. The first purpose is to investigate the possibility of using the FLQ method (to calculate the interindustry transactions matrix) at the same time with the use of regional statistical accounts of the country (to calculate the rest of sectors of the regional input-output tables). The second goal is to calculate input-output table of North Khorasan province based on it, because this province, with a very low degree of development, is in the group with the first priority of the country planning. For this purpose, the national input-output table (2016) of the Central Bank of Iran has been separated by imports and the regional accounts of the same year of the Statistics Center of Iran have been used as the basis for calculations. For this purpose, the computational method used in the article of Banuoei et al. (2017) was examined. The present paper presents a new proposed method for calculating the regional data-output table using the FLQ method, so that it is fully consistent with the regional accounts of the country and the column balance of the table is maintained. In this method, not only the regional value added vector is statistically included in the table, but also the statistical vector of intermediate consumption of the region is used. The results of the paper also show that the method for calculating the intermediate import vector is introduced in that paper; first, it has neglected to interpret the trading coefficient, second, leads to the elimination of the spatial dimensions of the region in the region intermediate consumption vector. This claim was investigated for North Khorasan province. Findings indicate that the regional intermediate consumption vector of the province in this method can be obtained directly by using the matrix of national national input-output coefficients without the intervention of the FLQ matrix, which shows the ineffectiveness of the spatial economic dimensions of the region in the calculations.The first scenario is defined according to the interpretation of the coefficients and the relationship between them. This scenario solves both the problem of elimination of the spatial dimensions and the inattention to the interpretation of the coefficients. The second scenario is defined as the difference between the input-output coefficients of the region and the domestic input-output coefficients of the region. This scenario solves only the first problem. By comparing the errors of intermediate consumption of North Khorasan province resulting from them, the first scenario is suggested due to less statistical errors.
seyedeh mahboubeh alerasoul; mahmood Hooshmand; Seyed Saeed Malek sadati
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Health tourism is made up of combination of the two high-income branches of tourism and treatment services. The city of Mashhad has many potential and actual potentials in both health tourism sectors, i.e., tourism and health. Nevertheless, there are obstacles and challenges ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
Health tourism is made up of combination of the two high-income branches of tourism and treatment services. The city of Mashhad has many potential and actual potentials in both health tourism sectors, i.e., tourism and health. Nevertheless, there are obstacles and challenges in the development of health tourism in the city of Mashhad, which have prevented it from achieving its rightful position in creating employment, added value and currency production. Therefore, the scientific analysis of the challenges and opportunities of this industry and the adoption of realistic strategies in accordance with the existing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are considered a necessary step in the direction of the development of health tourism in Mashhad. Therefore, in this research, through previous studies and in-depth interviews with industry experts, the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this industry in Mashhad were extracted. In the second step, the data was analyzed by using a questionnaire and SWOT tool, and finally, appropriate strategies were presented.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The World Tourism Organization defines health tourism as follows: "Using services that lead to improving or increasing health and increasing a person's spirit by using mineral waters, weather or medical interventions and in a place outside of the person's place of residence and it takes more than 24 hours".
The health tourism industry encompasses a chain of services and activities that have together horizontal or vertical link, Therefore the whole chain must be analyzed to better understand the industry. Obviously, the weakness of each component of the chain eliminates the Possibility of benefiting from the opportunities of this industry.
Although, so far, empirical studies have dealt with the issue of health tourism from different aspects, this article has analyzed the health tourism industry with a different approach and from the point of view of the supply chain.
METHODOLOGY
The type of this research is applied in terms of nature and analytical - descriptive in terms of methodology. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the health tourism industry in Mashhad, as well as to provide strategies for developing health tourism industry in Mashhad with regard to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
In order to extract strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the information used in this research has been compiled with the help of a combination of the following methods:
A) Study of the research background, documents and available resources including research projects, undergraduate reports and theses and related articles.
B) To conduct in-depth interviews with experts and authorities of active health tourism units in hospitals and health tourism companies in Mashhad.
The statistical population of this research consist of experts in health tourism industry, active companies in the health tourism industry in Mashhad, hospitals located in Mashhad that have a unit responsible for coordinating health tourism. The method of sampling in this research is non-
random sampling method. In the statistical community, about 9 interviews were conducted. Data analysis was done by using questionnaire and SWOT approach.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The results of the analysis show that among the internal factors, the low cost of tourism and health services is the greatest strength, and weakness in advertising and marketing is the biggest weakness in the health tourism industry in Mashhad. Among the external factors, the presence of Imam Reza's Shrine is the greatest opportunity and the presence of major rivals and major challenges to the Arab and Western countries are among the greatest threats. Based on the results of this research, due to being more the weaknesses of this industry than the strengths and also being more opportunities than threats, the development of the health tourism industry in Mashhad should be pursued through a review strategy.
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
The purpose of this research is to extract the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of health tourism industry in Mashhad and provide solutions for the development and improvement of this industry. The results of the analysis show development of the health tourism industry in Mashhad should be pursued through a review strategy. It means a strategy that reduces internal weaknesses for foreign opportunities. Therefore, according to the results obtained, the following solutions are suggested:
Design and compilation of comprehensive and upstream document and perspective of health tourism.
Determine a specific trustee that have not dependency with any organization.
Organizing and overseeing dealers in a variety of ways. (Organizing and Supervision dealers in different ways)
Creation and expansion of transportation infrastructure.
Creating a brand called Hospital Hotel.
Branding for Iran in the field of treatment.
Standardization and Accreditation of Hospitals and Therapeutic Centers.
Establishing appropriate capacities in hospitals and health centers.
Dispatched doctor abroad.
Training human resources and efficient.
Upgrade improving health tourism capacity.
Private sector presence alongside the public sector.
Creating coordination between different businesses in the health tourism industry.
Provide a complete package of services to health tourists.
Granting facilities to international patients.
Reflecting the costs of tourism and health care and maintaining a low-cost brand.
Investing, planning and supporting this industry.
Extensive advertisement.
mohamad ali shabani; Ali Akbar Naji Meidani; mahmood Hooshmand; Mohammad Ghorbani
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Economic growth in a country is always one of the important goals and achieving this goal requires growth in all areas related to that economy. Achieving this goal is possible when the competitiveness of the regions increases and its economic performance improves and economic ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
Economic growth in a country is always one of the important goals and achieving this goal requires growth in all areas related to that economy. Achieving this goal is possible when the competitiveness of the regions increases and its economic performance improves and economic growth in all economic regions tends to a steady trend and becomes so-called convergent. One of the factors that have been considered in recent years as a factor explaining economic growth is the proximity and spatial position of regions. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of spatial urban spillover on economic growth of the provinces and also the role of urbanization on the rate of convergence of provinces.
2-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
One of the important issues in urban economics is how the relationship between urban population growth and economic growth. In this regard, Lefebvre (2009) considered the economic structure and economic growth. According to Bertinley and Black (2004), the channels through which urbanization affects economic growth: First, cities play an important role in the economies and societies of developed and developing countries by providing opportunities for people to benefit from educational, employment and health services in the economic structure of the city.
Second, urbanization allows businesses to take advantage of economies of scale due to externalities, and this makes it possible for companies to specialize and reduce transaction costs. Third, urbanization is a major factor in entrepreneurship. The concentration of population and businesses in cities makes the urban population easily finance their idea and provide the conditions for promoting business ideas and access to local markets with higher consumer density, and ultimately there are spillover effects, these positive external effects of development. Cities in neighboring areas are identified through migration and active interaction. Therefore, according to these theories, there is no separate region and the growth of each region is affected by the growth of the surrounding regions. Thus, despite the effects of urban spillovers, the economic growth of the provinces is converging. In the economic literature, the main idea of convergence is that the lower per capita economy experiences a higher growth rate than the higher per capita economy.
3-METHODOLOGY
Econometric researchers believe that due to the impact of economic performance of an area on neighboring areas, if the spatial dependence between observations and these effects are not taken into account, the conventional estimation method will be biased and the effect of factors trying to study them will be erroneous. Since the variables used in this study have a spatial aspect and are affected by spatial correlation, and considering that the main purpose of this study is to analyze the role of urbanization in the spatial convergence rate of the provinces, the spatial econometric model is used. Consider each other's observations and the effect of changes in dependent and explanatory variables on neighboring observations. Spatial growth models explicitly include spatial factors in growth models. These models pay more attention to spillovers and seek to find the main drivers of long-term growth in space.
4-DISCUSSION
Before estimation of spatial models, to emphasize the need to use spatial patterns in this study, diagnostic tests were performed to estimate the pattern as panel data. As stated in the methodology section, the research model is estimated in three stages. In the first stage, the absolute convergence model is estimated in which there is no urbanization variable. In the second stage, to evaluate the effect of urbanization on convergence and its speed, conditional beta convergence is estimated in terms of urbanization effects, and in the third stage, the space camera model is estimated in terms of urban spatial effects. In absolute beta convergence, it is assumed that the model parameters are the same and the only cause of changes in the economic growth of the provinces are their initial values. Another important point that should be considered before estimation is the spatial effects test that was analyzed in the above sections and therefore the estimation patterns should be estimated in terms of these spatial effects. The results of the first stage estimate show that the sign of convergence coefficient is negative and significant and indicates the existence of absolute beta convergence, i.e., provinces with lower per capita production have faster economic growth than provinces with higher per capita production. Convergence rate is estimated to be 0.0563, This coefficient indicates that about 5.63% of the gap between the initial state of per capita production and the state of equilibrium with its stability is eliminated annually. With the introduction of the urbanization variable into the model, the use of absolute beta convergence is no longer correct because economic growth is also affected by other factors such as urbanization, so in this case conditional beta convergence is raised. In the second stage, the results show that the inclusion of the urbanization variable in the convergence equation leads to a decrease in the estimated coefficient for the initial per capita production variable. In other words, the convergence rate has increased by 1.45% compared to the previous case. The positive effect of urbanization on the convergence of provinces.
Finally, the general convergence hypothesis that other parameters are not constant is investigated and the conditional beta convergence is estimated using the space camera model in terms of other effective variables. The results indicate that in this case, each province has an average rate of 14.29% are moving towards sustainable growth. Therefore, it can be claimed that in terms of direct effects and spatial effects (spillover) of urbanization, the rate of convergence increases.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic convergence among the provinces of Iran during the years 2005 to 2017. For this purpose, two types of convergence, absolute beta and conditional beta, were investigated by using spatial growth models. Therefore, first, by performing Moran I test and LM test, the necessity of using spatial models was confirmed. In the present study, in order to better explain the role of urbanization in the rate of convergence of the provinces, the research model was examined in three stages. The results of all models show that the provinces of the country are economically convergent and the existence of absolute and conditional beta convergence between the provinces is confirmed, i.e., less developed provinces have a higher economic growth rate and provinces that are stable from equilibrium. They are more distant; they have a higher economic growth rate. Considering the significance and positive effects of urban spatial spillover, it can be concluded that increasing the interaction and return of citizens to neighboring areas in the provinces due to the effects of the spillover will cause economic growth in neighboring provinces and this will increase the speed of economic convergence.
Ali Tahmoorespur; mehdi behname; mahmood Hooshmand; Hasan Tahsili
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Insurance is one of the useful tools of risk management to ensure the peace and comfort of people in the community. Considering the role of life insurance in helping people save and invest and its effective role in economic growth, we can understand the importance ...
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Extended Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Insurance is one of the useful tools of risk management to ensure the peace and comfort of people in the community. Considering the role of life insurance in helping people save and invest and its effective role in economic growth, we can understand the importance of this field of insurance in the economy of countries (impact on household economy in developed or developing countries). the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between growth of life insurance and economic growth in selected countries in the MENA region. Since there was no access to uniform statistics for all countries in the MENA region, the study was used on 13 selected countries in the region using balanced data for the period 1994-2017. In this study, in order to investigate the causal relationship between the growth of insurance industry activities and economic growth, the Demteresco and Herlein (DH) causality model has been used for the data panel.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Considering the important role of the insurance industry, especially life insurance in the economies of countries, the study of the impact and also the impact of life insurance on economic growth in previous research were studied, which are divided into two categories.
2-1- The Impact of Life Insurance on Economic Growth
Four factors (population, natural resources, investment and technology) play an important role in the process of economic growth, the most important of which is capital or financial resources. for this reason, access to financial resources is very important to increase economic growth. one of the most important prerequisites for economic growth in all countries is financial resources for productive investments. access to financial resources can be provided through various means such as foreign borrowing, sale of bonds, etc. but the best way to provide it is to use people's savings. insurance is one of the important channels of savings and important financial institutions, which in addition to providing security for economic activity, also plays a key role in providing investable funds.
The insurance industry leads to the development of investments in economic systems in two ways. on the one hand, by guaranteeing the coverage it provides, it reduces the effects of investment threatening factors that result in the expansion of investments, and on the other hand, insurance companies participate in various economic and commercial activities as investors from the resources at their disposal. this way in paving the paths that lead to the development of the country play an important role. the greater the share of insurance in the economies of countries (insurance penetration rate), the greater the impact on economic growth.
2-2- The impact of economic growth on life insurance
Studies have shown that there is a two-way relationship between economic growth and the growth of the insurance industry. in most studies, the per capita income index is considered as a proxy for economic growth. one of the factors that has a strong impact on increasing the demand for life insurance is the income of individuals. demand for life insurance increases as economic growth increases and, consequently, per capita income increases and, as a result, purchasing power increases. inflation also affects the demand for life insurance in two ways. first, inflation causes life insurance capital to be paid at a much lower real value than at the commencement date of the contract. in the context of inflation, if the insurance companies do not neutralize the negative impact of inflation on the real purchasing power of the insured capital by applying some appropriate methods, the purchase of life insurance policies will decrease day by day. as a result, it diverts people from the demand for life insurance and leads to safer or shorter-term investments. unemployment will have a negative impact on the demand for life insurance and, consequently, the growth of the insurance industry. according to research, one of the main motivations for buying life insurance is to protect family members against the early death of the breadwinner, and the amount of life insurance sales depends on the number of dependents on the breadwinner, which is called the dependency ratio (Campbell, 1980). With increasing population and increasing dependence on the breadwinner of the family, the risk of financial crisis of the family in the event of the breadwinner's death is felt more, so the need for insurance coverage in this area becomes more apparent.
3- METHODOLOGY
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the causal relationship between economic growth and life insurance growth and their effectiveness. therefore, in order to investigate the causal relationship between the growth of life insurance activities and economic growth, the Demteresco and Herlein (DH) causality model has been used for the data panel. We first determined the effect of the economy and the insurance industry by examining the Demetresco Herlin causality test. then, in order to determine the effect of variables on each other, we used the pattern of simultaneous equations of panel data. to solve problems such as heteroskedasticity and heterogeneity, the research equations are estimated in three modes of primary model, resistant to heterogeneity and clustered (resistant to heterogeneity and heteroskedasticity) and in each of the mentioned models by two methods of estimators of instrumental variables (IV) and torque. Generalized Momentum (GMM) is used.
4- CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
Undoubtedly, the economic growth of countries leads to higher per capita incomes. this increase in per capita income will increase the demand for life insurance and consequently the growth of life insurance will have a new impact on economic growth. in other words, with the increase in per capita income, we will see a double impact on economic growth. another indicator that affects the growth of life insurance is the level of education. the higher the level of education will cause the higher growth of life insurance. of course, this positive connection can be due to the increase in public awareness and, as a result, the effort to secure their families' future, as well as possibly the greater demand for urbanization. population growth, which has a positive effect on economic growth, can also be affected by per capita income index, life expectancy and education level. one of the important indicators that has a positive effect on the growth of life insurance is the good governance index. this index includes the index of accountability and the right to comment, political stability, the absence of violence / terrorism, the quality of regulation, the rule of law, the effectiveness of government and the control of corruption. undoubtedly, if the governments of this region pay attention to these indicators, we can expect them to face the growth of demand for life insurance as well as the growth of the economy.
fatemeh khani; Mahmood Hoshmand
Abstract
Economic performance over time, is largely dependent on environmental policy, institutional and legal countries. Also nowadays development Industrial exports is known as the one of the best goals of economic development. The issue for many developing countries are often exporter of raw materials is important. ...
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Economic performance over time, is largely dependent on environmental policy, institutional and legal countries. Also nowadays development Industrial exports is known as the one of the best goals of economic development. The issue for many developing countries are often exporter of raw materials is important. Therefore, understanding the factors influencing industrial exports are necessary.
Hence, this study using panel data to investigate the impact of institutional quality on the export of industrial products for 14 samples from selected developing countries, between the years 2002 and 2012. In the paper than the average six indicators of good governance in the period under review as institutional index is used. In addition to the institutional index of two variables, GDP and real exchange rate countries were used as control variables.
The results confirm this hypothesis that improvements in institutional quality has a positive effect on the supply of industrial products export to countries in the study. And this study shows that to increase export supply in the countries In addition to removing financial barriers such as exchange rate should try special attention made to improving institutional quality.
mitra seyedzadeh; mahmod hoshmand
Abstract
Policy makers analysis supply and demand to achieve optimum prices in different markets az construction market. In this study, affective factors on demand and supply of commercial applications in Samen Zone are recognized by theories. and by using interviews with experts, the factors are authenticated. ...
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Policy makers analysis supply and demand to achieve optimum prices in different markets az construction market. In this study, affective factors on demand and supply of commercial applications in Samen Zone are recognized by theories. and by using interviews with experts, the factors are authenticated. Then, intensity and mechanism of each of these factors are determined to influence the of supply and demand business applications by changing the more affective variables. The results show that, Infrastructure services variables have the largest direct effect on demand and variables based on the profitability of business units operating factors have the largest indirect effect and cost variabel have the largest total effect on demand. But cost variable have the largest total and direct effect on supply and policy of trustee agencies have the largest indirect effect on supply
